Source: https://www.westernpyro.org/blog/us-consumer-fireworks-rise-and-fall-by-robert-t-kellner
Summary: Fountains, helicopters, novelties, Roman candles, skyrockets, sparkler and tube aerial items were all made in the United States. The only imported items…

# US consumer fireworks - Rise and Fall by Robert T. Kellner

Fountains, helicopters, novelties, Roman candles, skyrockets, sparkler and tube aerial items were all  
made in the United States. The only imported items were small firecrackers imported from Portuguese  
Macau. Prior to what are known today as “cakes,” the only repeating aerial consumer fireworks that  
were sold were Keystone’s 3, 5 and 9 shot Comets and New Jersey’s Aerial Battles, Battle in The Clouds  
and Devil Among the Tailors. While the Aerial Battles simply shot up a pack of firecrackers and the  
Keystone Comets were just a pressed pellet star, the Battle in The Clouds and Devil Among the Tailors  
were ingeniously timed combination devices consisting of one or two Roman candles and a large color  
star mine.

![Kellner_1](https://www.westernpyro.org/media/2025/03/Kellner_1-2-png.webp)

![Kellner_2](https://www.westernpyro.org/media/2025/03/Kellner_2-1-png.webp)

![Kellner_3](https://www.westernpyro.org/media/2025/03/Kellner_3-1-png.webp)

![Kellner_4](https://www.westernpyro.org/media/2025/03/Kellner_4-1-png.webp)

![Kellner_5](https://www.westernpyro.org/media/2025/03/Kellner_5-1-png.webp)

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![Kellner_7](https://www.westernpyro.org/media/2025/03/Kellner_7-2-png.webp)

![Kellner_8](https://www.westernpyro.org/media/2025/03/Kellner_8-1-png.webp)

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![Kellner_138](https://www.westernpyro.org/media/2025/03/Kellner_138-png.webp)

![Kellner_139](https://www.westernpyro.org/media/2025/03/Kellner_139-png.webp)

![Kellner_140](https://www.westernpyro.org/media/2025/03/Kellner_140-png.webp)

![Kellner_141](https://www.westernpyro.org/media/2025/03/Kellner_141-png.webp)

![Kellner_142](https://www.westernpyro.org/media/2025/03/Kellner_142-png.webp)